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Blackburnian warbler
The Blackburnian warbler (''Setophaga fusca'' (''Dendroica fusca'' )) is a small New World warbler. They breed in eastern North America, from southern Canada, westwards to the southern Canadian Prairies, the Great Lakes region and New England, to North Carolina.
Blackburnian warblers are migratory, wintering in southern Central America and in South America, and are very rare vagrants to western Europe. These birds were named after Anna Blackburne, an English botanist.
==Description==
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Blackburnian warblers are small passerines and average-sized wood-warblers. They measure around long, with a wingspan, and weigh . The average mass of an adult bird is , although is slightly higher in fall due to fat reserves, averaging .〔Graber, J. W., R. R. Graber, and E. L. Kirk. 1983. ''Illinois birds: wood warblers''. Biological Notes No. 118. III. Nat. Hist. Surv. Urbana, IL.〕 Among standard measurements, the wing chord is , the tail is , the bill is and the tarsus is . In summer, male Blackburnian warblers display dark gray backs and double white wing bars, with yellowish rumps and dark brown crowns. The underparts of these birds are white, and are tinged with yellow and streaked black. The head is strongly patterned in yellow and black, with a flaming-orange throat. It is the only North American warbler with this striking plumage. Other plumages, including the fall male and adult female, are washed-out versions of the summer male, and in particular lack the bright colors and strong head pattern. The Blackburnian warbler is practically unmistakable if seen well, even the female due her dull-yellow supercilium, contrasting with greyish cheeks and yellow throat contrasting with the dark streaky sides and back. The only other wood-warbler with an orange throat is the flame-throated warbler of Central America and is very distinctive, lacking the contrasting blackish streaking about the head and whitish underside of a male Blackburnian.〔Dunn, J. and K. Garrett. 1997. ''A field guide to warblers of North America''. Houghton Mifflin, Boston.〕 Basic plumages show weaker yellows and gray in place of black in the breeding male. Blackburnian warblers' songs are a simple series of high ''swi'' notes, which often ascend in pitch. Transliterations have included ''zip zip zip zip zip zip zip zip'', ''titititi tseeeeee'' or ''teetsa teetsa teetsa teetsa''.〔Ficken, M. S. and R. W. Ficken. 1962. ''The comparative ethology of the wood warblers: a review''. Living Bird 1:103-122.〕 Their call is a high ''sip''. Genetic research has shown that their closed living relative is the bay-breasted warbler, the latter species perhaps specialized to forage in the same coniferous trees at lower levels.〔Lovette, I. J. and E. Bermingham. 1999. Explosive speciation in the New World Dendroica warblers. Proc. R. Soc. London B 266:1629-1636.〕 Hybridization in the wild has been recorded once each with a bay-breasted warbler (in West Virginia, with a black-and-white warbler (in Pennsylvania) and possibly a wintering hybrid with a Kirtland's warbler (in Hispaniola).〔Hurley, G. F. and J. W. Jones II. 1983. ''A presumed mixed Bay-breasted x Blackburnian Warbler nesting in West Virginia''. Redstart 50:108-111.〕〔Parkes, K. C. 1983. Three additional hybrid combinations in North American birds. Abstract of paper presented at the 101st stated meeting of the American Ornithologists' Union.〕〔Latta, S. C. and K. C. Parkes. 2001. ''A possible Dendroica kirtlandii hybrid from Hispaniola''. Wilson Bull. 113:378-383.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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